The restriction that “nothing can move faster than light” only applies to the motion of objects through space. The rate at which space itself expands — this speed-per-unit-distance — has no physical bounds on its upper limit. The size of our visible Universe (yellow), along with the amount we can reach (magenta). ~ Jun 12, 2020
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If we were to ask, from our perspective, what this means for the speed of this distant galaxy that we’re only now observing, we’d conclude that this galaxy is receding from us well in excess of the speed of light. But in reality, not only is that galaxy not moving through the Universe at a relativistically impossible speed, but it’s hardly moving at all! Instead of speeds exceeding 299,792 km/s (the speed of light in a vacuum), these galaxies are only moving through space at ~2% the speed of light or less.
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It might seem strange to consider all that this implies. Because we have dark energy, the expansion rate will never drop to zero; it will remain at a positive, finite value. It means that even though only 13.8 billion years have passed since the Big Bang, we can observe light from objects that are already 46.1 billion light-years away. And it means that beyond a fraction of that distance — about 18 billion light-years — no object launched today from Earth could ever reach it.
But no object is actually moving through the Universe faster than the speed of light. The Universe is expanding, but the expansion doesn’t have a speed; it has a speed-per-unit-distance, which is equivalent to a frequency, or an inverse time. One of the most surprising facts about the Universe is that if you do the conversions and take the inverse of the expansion rate, you can calculate the “time” that you get out.
The answer? Approximately 13.8 billion years: the age of the Universe. There isn’t a fundamental reason for that fact; it’s just a fascinating cosmic coincidence.
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Think of it this way.
If you can see the galaxies that are getting away from out galaxies faster than the speed of light, and disappear from our view, at some relatively equal rate, compared to the speed of light, it is understandable that those galaxies are moving away from us and that we may be moving away from them, faster than the speed of light.
Because your sensor functions in ways that you cannot interpret accurately, doesn’t mean that you are not getting a clear signal and a clear reading, and that you cannot interpret the fact in a more scientific way.
Likewise, those galaxies, that we can see later, while looking longer in the sky, with stronger tools, and better instrument, or, better systems and better analysis systems for that information, to interpret it more effectively, were perhaps closer to us before they went away from us, and we will eventually be unable to see them back again.
However, the scope of life of mankind will have evolved enough that we will have evolved into other beings than humans, even though we did come from humans.
So yes, those galaxies that disappeared, and that we could no longer see and that we saw back again are further away now than we can see them, because, if the light takes thousands of years to reach us, or, millions of years, that means that those galaxies moved away from there 1 million years ago, and that the light from there finally reached us.
It also means that the light distance to reach us also is a million years longer than we were before it started, as, we also moved a million years ago.
The solar system is a billion years old.
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Ah, but, you store your text in a medium, which has space in it, to store those bytes, however, those bytes also travel through space in radio waves, which sensors perceived them, and a processor interprets the signal fluctuation and transfers them into information.
Space itself is not only a medium.
It is also related to the Big Bang, and so on.
The medium itself, in that sense, moves.
And the light in it, moves with the space around it, not separate from it.
The reactions of spaces mixing with others spaces, such as galaxies clusters mixing with other galaxies and black holes mixing with black holes and forming quasar, and modifying space function with energy, is what the light, a constant speed in those medium, which are not fixed, and move, and which light can be used and referred to so as to measure those movement of space, also partly due to the fact that light was emitted at the start of the Big Bang, which affects the other elements related to the space, and the expansion of those spaces, and the movement of the spaces interacting with those spaces, and their relations.
Space is not infinite and has limits which change.
Then you refer to Primordial space.
Those are called models, and the terms used to describe those models are used for management.
I don’t know the property you refer to as Primordial space in comparison to space…
The speeds are not infinite and are measured and change, and they are not fixed.
Speed in itself only is a measurement of
a velocity or acceleration, in relation to time, which time is a relation of movement of celestial bodies in space, such as the movement of the earth around the sun.
Velocity in itself is a measurement of distance travelled in a certain amount of time.
That distance is related to space, and, if the distance traveled in that space is affected by the space moving in relation to the measurement of the distance travelled, it will affect your speed, and accuracy of the measurement, and so on.
When you integrate those in the equation of your measurement, you get the more accurate sideral time and relative distance, and energy related to the space in which the medium moves, and the related factors affecting the speed and how it relates to measurements and instruments.
They are not separate, unless you want the margin of error to be included in the mathematical expression, unless you want to express the mathematical expression to repress that expression, in which case that mathematical expression becomes part of the repression intended, and represented otherwise, and the margin of error and certainty ration, and level of accuracy can be included in the scientific notation to express the result.
By Rafi Letzter - Staff Writer 26 November 2020
Ah yes, galaxies are much greater in energy than black holes, and quasar too.
In fact, quasar are black holes emitting light due to the extra energy reaction from the gravitational changes internally, which, creates sort of a small Big Bang, except that it is directed into more specific directions.
Namely, often at the top and bottom, at opposite poles.
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The Artemis program which is not loading on my end (God knows why), is the new moon project, and yes, they should organize better automation on the moon, so that humans can interact with it more, and find better things to do there, and find more tests to do there.
We also need security there too.
People also ask
What is NASA Artemis program?
NASA Artemis. With the Artemis program, NASA will land the first woman and next man on the Moon by 2024, using innovative technologies to explore more of the lunar surface than ever before. We will collaborate with our commercial and international partners and establish sustainable exploration by the end of the decade.
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A sidereal day – 23 hours 56 minutes and 4.1 seconds – is the amount of time needed to complete one rotation. In this system, the stars always appear at the same place in the sky at the same time each sidereal day. ~Jun 10, 2012
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1. - 32 minutes later ( 20210122 Fri 02:47 ):
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2. - 39 minutes later, 2 minutes after the last update at 02:55:
…That fundamental speed, 299,792,458 m/s, is the speed at which all massless particles must travel through the vacuum of space. If you have mass, you can only approach (but never reach) that speed; if you travel through a medium instead of a vacuum, you can only travel slower than that ultimate cosmic limit. But if that’s true, then how come we can see objects in our Universe, which began with a Big Bang some 13.8 billion years ago, that are up to 46 billion light-years away? That’s at the heart of Robert Lipinski’s question, which asks:
Why does the fabric of space-and-time expand faster than the speed of light?
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How are galaxies moving away faster than light?
As dark energy causes the universe to expand ever-faster, it may spur some very distant galaxies to apparently move faster than the speed of light. This Hubble Deep Field Image shows some of the most distant galaxies ever observed. … They come barging in with a simple observation: Some galaxies are moving away from us…Jul 2, 2016
### How Can the Universe Expand Faster Than the Speed of Light …
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Home > News > Science & Astronomy
How Can the Universe Expand Faster Than the Speed of Light?
By Paul Sutter 02 July 2016
Paul Sutter is an astrophysicist at The Ohio State University and the chief scientist at COSI Science Center. Sutter is also host of the podcasts Ask a Spaceman and RealSpace, and the YouTube series Space In Your Face.
How can the universe expand faster than light travels?
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The big picture
First off, it’s important to note that we live in an expanding universe. Every day the galaxies get farther apart from each other — on average. There are slight motions on top of that general expansion, leading to instances such as the Andromeda Galaxy heading on a collision course for the Milky Way. But in general, in the biggest of pictures, the galaxies are getting farther away from each other.
A key feature of this expansion is how uniform it is. Imagine a bunch of folks standing around the edges of a stretchy piece of fabric, tugging at it. Let us assume they’re choreographed well and are able to walk backward and pull at the same rate. You, standing in the middle, would correctly observe that your “universe” is expanding: any objects placed on that fabric would slowly move away from you.
Because stretchy stuff is stretchy, the objects on the fabric close to you would appear to move away with some speed, but the farther objects would appear to move faster. Even though the folks doing the pulling are moving at a constant speed, the apparent stretch changes with distance. I swear this is true; you can even try it for yourself at home!
Now, let’s jump to the universe. It’s as if a bunch of folks are at the edge of the cosmos, gently tugging at the fabric of space-time, stretching it. Edwin Hubble was the first to measure the expansion rate. The number he got was way wrong, so I won’t bother mentioning it, but good on him for trying. The more modern value is 68 kilometers per second per megaparsec, plus or minus a couple, but close enough.
I know, I know. You were probably following along just fine until that odd “per megaparsec” popped up. It’s a distance: One megaparsec is 1 million parsec, which is 3.26 million light-years.
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It means that if you look at a galaxy 1 megaparsec away, it will appear to be receding away from us at 68 km/s. If you look at a galaxy 2 megaparsec away, it recedes at 136 km/s. Three megaparsec away? You got it! 204 km/s. And on and on: for every megaparsec, you can add 68 km/s to the velocity of the far-away galaxy.
Over the limit
So it’s easy enough to compute: At some point, at some obscene distance, the speed tips over the scales and exceeds the speed of light, all from the natural, regular expansion of space.
Yes, the movement of that galaxy can be interpreted as a “speed”: you can measure the distance to it, wait awhile (to be fair, a really, really long while), and measure it again. Distance moved divided by time equals speed, and I guarantee you that the speed you measure can be faster than light.
No, this isn’t a problem. [Watch as I explain in this video.]
The notion of the absolute speed limit comes from special relativity, but who ever said that special relativity should apply to things on the other side of the universe? That’s the domain of a more general theory. A theory like…general relativity.
It’s true that in special relativity, nothing can move faster than light. But special relativity is a local law of physics. Or in other words, it’s a law of local physics. That means that you will never, ever watch a rocket ship blast by your face faster than the speed of light. Local motion, local laws.
But a galaxy on the far side of the universe? That’s the domain of general relativity, and general relativity says: who cares! That galaxy can have any speed it wants, as long as it stays way far away, and not up next to your face.
It goes deeper than this. Concepts like a well-defined “velocity” make sense only in local regions of space. You can only measure something’s velocity and actually call it a “velocity” when it’s nearby and when the rules of special relativity apply. Stuff super-duper far away, like the galaxies we’re talking about it? If it’s not close, it doesn’t count as a “velocity” in the way that special relativity cares about.
Special relativity doesn’t care about the speed — superluminal or otherwise — of a distant galaxy. And neither should you.
Learn more by listening to the episode "How can the universe expand faster than light?" on the Ask A Spaceman podcast, available on iTunes and on the web at http://www.askaspaceman.com. Thanks to Mihail Etropolski, Nicolas Gregori, chris, and @archerelliott for the question that inspired this piece. Ask your own question on Twitter using #AskASpaceman or by following Paul @PaulMattSutter and facebook.com/PaulMattSutter.
Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: community@space.com.
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3. - 2 hours later, 40 minutes after the last update, at 04:27:
Those galaxies which are too far away from us,
or, black holes, which are not emitting quasars towards us, or,
that we can deduce the lack of light, or, that we can measure the instrument malfunctioning where it is, and why the light doesn’t come back to us, as it is attracted in the medium, space, energy, gravity, black hole dimensional attraction, which is greater in gravity than other gravitational waves in that system nearby, will not emit light which will reach us, unless our system in relation to it changes.
Those galaxies which are now too far, but, which were closer before, emitted their lights, which eventually reached us.
This is the light we see…
The light traveling in those medium was traveling at the same constant speed, however, those systems in relation to the speed of light were not the same, and,
furthermore, moved that light at the speed of light in those systems, as those systems themselves were also moving in relations to the other systems.
So, it is a 5th and subsequent array.
The Energy array in relation to time and space, and distance of those times and relation of those times and distances.
The movement of those energies in those space systems in relation to another, with lights from starts, and other factors related in them, through them, and with them, also moves and moved the light in them.
So, the light is affected by the space in which it travels, such as a prism, and such as around stars, as stars gravity bends the light around them.
The results of the 1919 Eddington expedition showed, conclusively, that the General theory of… [+]
THE ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS, 1919
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