Skill progression is not based on playing the game (unless one wants to use skill injectors, and even that does not require actual play if one chooses to buy plex and sell it in-game). However, that is not actual progress in the game.
Progression in EVE occurs through you setting goals for yourself within the game and then going out to achieve those goals. It is self-directed play, which is the best kind of play I think. You are not a slave to someone else’s limited idea of what is or is not fun.
All games are limited by their overall concept and mechanics, but EVE is more open-ended than a lot of games. It is not pre-structured, pre-defined interaction but rather relatively unstructured. That’s a big part of what makes it great.
It sounds like your friend wants a game in which they are told what to do, a list of concrete tasks. They want the game to boss them around every step of the way, providing a very specific structure but limiting what they can do. They want the game to think for them to decide how they should play rather than making those decisions for themselves.
There are games out there that are more like that, but that’s not EVE as a whole. The mission-based PVE content offers a bit of that, but one can abandon those missions at any time without any serious consequences. You are free at all times to decide what you want to do next in the game, including changing what skills you want to train.
The NPE start and career agents do offer some initial structure to introduce players to the game. While there’s always room to improve those, I’ve always thought that the career agent missions were a relatively decent start. The SOE epic arc (i.e., Arnon) is a good extension if a player wants more than that, but I don’t see the need for much more structure than that.
EVE is an inherently unstructured game. Some initial hand-holding is OK and necessary, but at some point players need to be introduced to the real EVE. That EVE is one in which players need to make decisions for themselves, guided by their own interests and imagination. That’s not a flaw but rather a great feature. It may not appeal to everyone, but that’s fine. It doesn’t need to, and no game will ever make everyone who tries it happy.